in this investigation, 25 adult new zealand white rabbits randomly selected from both sexes and studied.coloured latex injection and corrosion cast methods were applied on the materials. this study was carried out to disclose the distribution of the cardiac veins of the new zealand white rabbits. the veins that drain the heart were found to be the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, th...

the use of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for assessing pulmonary vein due to its status as a main source of ectopic beats for the initiation of atrial dysrrythmias is strongly recommended.   we report the case of a 13-year-old girl who was admitted to our hospital with the electrocardiogram manifestation of an ectopic atrial tachycardia. the focus of arrhythmia was inside the right upper p...

introduction pulmonary vein (pv) isolation is considered as a key to atrial fibrillation (af) treatment. cryoballoon ablation is an effective therapy for pv isolation for af with minimal side effects and was approved by the us food and drug administration (fda) several years ago. successful isolation of pvs during cryoablation depends on the balloon temperature and helps in early identification...

abstract vascular injury presents a great challenge to the emergency resident because these injuries require urgent intervention to prevent loss of life or limb. sometimes serious vascular injury presents with only subtle or occult signs or symptoms. the patient may present weeks or months after initial injury with symptoms of vascular insufficiency, embolization, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous ...

background: venous diseases including varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency are one of the most important pathogenic factors worldwide. high prevalence of varicose veins and its complications is an emerging problem in the twenty-first century. this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of varicose veins in female hairdressers in shahroud, north of iran in...

aim : assessment of short term changes in portal blood flow and long term changes in liver functions in cirrhotic patients who chose to fast during the month of ramadan in summer. background : during ramadan, healthy muslims obligated to fast from predawn to sunset. patients and methods : forty cirrhotic patients intended to fast during the month of ramadan in the year 2014, were examined by co...

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cerebral vein thrombosis (cvt) is an infrequent condition with a large variety of causes that can lead to serious disabilities. however, in 20% to 35% of cases, no cause is found. in this study we evaluated the hereditary (p & c proteins, antithrombin, mutation of prothrombin g20210a and factor v leiden), other risk factors (hyperhomocycteinemia, factor viii, acl-ab, apl-ab, and ocp) and clinic...