Consignment inventory (CI) is a supply chain business partnership where the customer orders to the vendor, but delays paying for goods. In CI, like the traditional systems, each member has authority over the timing and quantity of replenishments; however, these systems differ in time of transferring ownership. Previous researches showed different approaches for delay in payment in customer mana...

Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) is a supply-chain initiative where the supplier is authorized to manage inventories of agreed-upon stock-keeping units at retail locations. The benefits of VMI are well recognized by successful retail businesses such as Wal-Mart. In VMI, distortion of demand information (known as bullwhip effect) transferred from the downstream supply-chain member (e.g., retailer)...

this study considers a two echelon supply chain system consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. under vendor managed inventory (vmi) program, the manufacturer is authorized to manage inventories of agreed upon stock keeping units at retail's locations. in this paper, we assume that the manufacturer monitors inventory levels at retailer's location, replenishes her stock under (...