conclusions the current study revealed that 44% of those who received prophylaxis did not need it. in the patients who received antibiotics, the most common mistakes were antibiotic selection followed by prolonged prophylaxis (> 24 hours) and excess dose. results of the total 8586 patients who took antibiotics for preventive purposes, 4815 (56%) required antimicrobial prophylaxis, and 3771 (44%...

Background and Aims: Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a member of retroviridae family that causes ATL and HAM/TSP. Many inflammatory diseases are associated with this virus, such as Sjögren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Uveitis and also Atherosclerosis. HTLV-1 performs in long latency period and can activate the immune responses in coronary vessels. Activated immune sys...

Background: A high prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection among general population in the northeast of Iran has been reported. Multi-transfused patients are known as ‘at-risk’ group for the infection. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among Iranian multi-transfused patients. Materials and Meth...

Background: The most common sexually transmitted diseases and the economic and social health problem throughout the world. However, vaccine coverage and antibiotic therapy and the development of programs to prevent and control major causes of acute and chronic diseases, pregnancy complications and infertility remains. Acute and chronic systemic viral infections can lead to infertility and perma...

Individuals with recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition are likely to be a major source for other new infections because they have a high level of plasma virus, and the circulating virions possess unique properties that are highly suited for transmission. The acute infection period, however, presents a unique "window of opportunity," because there are a limited number of...

The high degree of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity in the Cameroonian population indicates a relatively old epidemic in this country. However, studies of pygmy 'hunter-gatherers' show only rare HIV-1 infection, mainly after contact with Bantus rather than from contact with non-human primates.

During recent years, although influenza B has given rise to epidemics every 3-5 years, influenza A has caused greater concern to those responsible for the surveillance of the disease. The usual cycle of influenza A waves every 2 or 3 years was modified in many countries by the yearly appearance of new variants of the virus A/Hong Kong/68 (A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73). However, a numbe...