In this paper, the connection between Menger probabilistic norms and H"{o}hle probabilistic norms is discussed. In addition, the correspondence between probabilistic norms and Wu-Fang fuzzy (semi-) norms is established. It is shown that a probabilistic norm (with triangular norm $min$) can generate a Wu-Fang fuzzy semi-norm and conversely, a Wu-Fang fuzzy norm can generate a probabilistic norm.

The present study examined email communication practices of two groups of students in Iran and the United States to uncover the probable differences between Iranian and American email communication norms. The study also aimed at investigating how power distance in academic centers influences students’ choices of communication strategies in email writing. The use of two politeness strategies nam...

THE BENEFITS OF INCREASING the diversity of leadership in academic medicine have been reviewed and confirmed by a number of expert groups,1–6 yet women and underrepresented minorities are not rising through faculty ranks or entering leadership in academic medicine at rates predicted by their proportions in medical school over the past 30 years.7,8 This is an issue that must engage all stakehold...

Human rights situation in the Middle East (ME) is a central concern in contemporary political as well as academic discourses. There is a considerable amount of literature on the subject, both academic and journalistic, in the Western world. A large part of that literature blames the ME in different ways for its ‘terrible’ conception and treatment of human rights norms. They typically, do not he...

► First-generation students experience a cultural mismatch in university settings. ► This mismatch leads to an aversive state that affects biological functioning. ► Independent norms produced a social class gap in cortisol and negative emotions. ► Interdependent norms eliminated the social class gap in cortisol and negative emotions. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o American universities i...

PURPOSE The number of women in academic medicine has steadily increased, although gender parity still does not exist and women leave academics at somewhat higher rates than men. The authors investigated the reasons why women leave careers in academic medicine. METHOD Semistructured, one-on-one interviews were conducted in 2007-2008 with 20 women physicians who had left a single academic insti...