We develop a model of liquidity shortages that incorporates general equilibrium feature liquidity: when banks hold more liquidity, other agents in the economy less it and will supply times crisis. show private holdings at are inefficient, with direction bias being determined by characteristics suppliers to banks. Minimum requirements for may reduce welfare; such cases interest rate policies sti...

Competition among stock exchanges has increased dramatically over the last decade. To attract trading volume, most exchanges introduced makertaker fees, an incentive scheme that rewards liquidity suppliers and charges liquidity demanders. Using a change in fees on the Toronto Stock Exchange, we analyze how the breakdown of trading fees between liquidity demanders and suppliers affects market ou...

We study the determination of liquidity provision in the single-name credit default swap (CDS) market as measured by the number of distinct dealers providing quotes. We find that liquidity is concentrated among large obligors and those near the investment-grade/speculative-grade cutoff. Consistent with endogenous liquidity provision by informed financial institutions, more liquidity is associat...

We model financial market liquidity as provided by financially constrained arbitrageurs. Market liquidity increases with the level of arbitrage capital, i.e., internal and external capital arbitrageurs can access frictionlessly. We show that liquidity dry-ups follow periods of low returns of arbitrageurs’ risky investment opportunities, and that liquidity is correlated across markets. A welfare...

This study examines the asset–stock liquidity relationship for firms with location-specific assets. Using a sample of real estate investment trusts (REITs), we extend concept asset to include information based on local property market turnover. Our findings confirm that holding more cash increases REIT stock liquidity. More importantly, find positive relation between and is stronger REITs lower...

This paper contributes to the debate about the extent to which liquidity risk affects asset prices. Motivated by evidence on downward liquidity spirals, flights to liquidity and investor perceptions of risk, we develop and test a liquidity-adjusted capital asset pricing model in which the key innovation is separating liquidity risk into asymmetric upside and downside risks. Our model bridges th...

The global financial crisis highlighted the importance of ensuring that the financial system has adequate liquidity to withstand adverse circumstances. The funding pressures that began in 2007 underlined the acute deficiencies in the liquidity-risk-management practices of some banks, and the severity of the ensuing crisis required massive public sector support to stem the liquidity spiral and m...

The importance of maintaining sufficient liquidity in financial markets is emphasised strongly in the academic literature. During the 1990s the United Kingdom monetary authorities introduced a number of structural reforms in the government bond market, aimed at improving secondary market liquidity. In this paper we examine the impact of the reforms by attempting to ascertain if liquidity levels...