PURPOSE To investigate the impact of clinical target volume (CTV) shape and size on CTV to planning target volume (PTV) margin expansion. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using numerical integration methods, margins accounting for random errors and systematic errors were calculated for CTVs of different shapes and sizes. We use k(r-95) and k(s-95) to represent the coefficients, for random errors and sys...

in today’s competitive market, an agency is successful which by considering the needs of the clients and the capabilities of its staff, presents products and services which both decreases the costs and expenses and is of high value in the eyes of its clients. for reaching these goals, the simultaneous use of product cost management and quality management systems, which are regarded as target co...

This paper addresses the important issue of providing balanced allocation of the interconnection costs between networks. We analyze how beneficial is the determination of the original initiator of a transmission to the providers of different layers. The introduced model, where intercarrier compensation is based on the differentiated traffic flows, was compared with the existing solution, which ...

This paper investigates the impact of the determination of the original initiator of a transmission on both customers and providers. The presented model, which performs inter-provider cost distribution based on the differentiated traffic flows was compared with the existing model, where intercarrier compensation is based on the net traffic flows. The studies consider markets with reciprocal and...

tourism plays a very important role in the communities’ economic system development and therefore different countries compete to attract the international tourists, so marketing and specifically the issue of selecting target market are important. this study aims to identify the most important factors affecting iran's tourism industry target markets and prioritize these target markets. in t...

one of the problems in detecting radar targets is the variation of target cross section due to aspect angle; which is named as target fluctuation. this perfectly depends on target geometry and transmitted wavelength and can cause significant loss of detection. one of the solutions to this is improving the radar range resolution. stepped frequency is one of the signals that can improve the range...

Background: in radiation treatment of moving targets located in thorax region of patient body, the delivered dose does not match with the planned treatment, resulting in some over and under dosage in the tumor volume, as a function of motion magnitude and frequency. Several efforts have been done to investigate the target motion effects on dose distribution in the target and surrounding normal ...