It has long been natural for linguists to invoke metaphors taken from the life sciences, in particular evolutionary biology. In recent decades it has been argued that such analogies represent not mere rhetoric or metalinguistic convenience, but actual processes in language development; after all, why should not a biologically-conditioned cultural phenomenon such as language, the collective prod...

from among the arabic alphabet, hamza is the only vowel with four orthographic variations of (alone), (above a w?w), (above and under an ‘alif) and (above a dotless y?). such an orthographic variation for hamza has caused spelling problems for writers mainly those who write in both arabic and persian. the present article is to reach the following objectives: 1. introducing the right orthography...

One of the issues that arise in the text steganography is the capacity of hiding secret bit. Focusing in Arabic text steganography we propose a sharp-edges method to encounter the issue. This new method will hide the secret bits in the sharp-edges for each character in the Arabic text document. The main processes involved are identifying sharp-edges in the cover-text, secret message preparation...

Tajik Persian is a dialect of Persian spoken primarily in Tajikistan and written with a modified Cyrillic alphabet. Iranian Persian, or Farsi, as it is natively called, is the lingua franca of Iran and is written with the Persian alphabet, a modified Arabic script. Although the spoken versions of Tajik and Farsi are mutually intelligible to educated speakers of both languages, the difference be...

This paper presents a rule-based method for transcription of English words into the PersoArabic orthography. The method relies on the phonetic representation of English words such as the CMU pronunciation dictionary. Some of the challenging problems are the context-based vowel representation in the Perso-Arabic writing system and the mismatch between the syllabic structures of English and Persi...

Abstract This article maps the mainly lost Sasanian historiographical literature through Arabic translations of Middle Persian works and information preserved in early sources. Although only two texts have been original Persian, sources reveal a sizeable corpus translation.

Persian language is transcribed in a lossy manner as it does not, as a rule, encode vowel information. This renders the use of the written script suboptimal for language models for speech applications or for statistical machine translation. It also causes the text-to-speech synthesis from a Persian script input to be a one-to-many operation. In our previous work, we introduced an augmented tran...

This paper exploits the existence of the redundant Arabic extension character, i.e. Kashida. We propose to use pointed letters in Arabic text with a Kashida to hold the secret bit ‘one’ and the un-pointed letters with a Kashida to hold ‘zero’. The method can be classified under secrecy feature coding methods where it hides secret information bits within the letters benefiting from their inherit...