Transit fare arbitrage is the scenario when two or more commuters agree to swap tickets during travel in such a way that total cost is lower than otherwise. Such arbitrage allows pricing inefficiencies to be explored and exploited, leading to improved pricing models. In this paper we discuss the basics of fare arbitrage through an intuitive pricing framework involving population density. We the...

The hedging of contingent claims in the discrete time, discrete state case is analyzed from the perspective of modeling the hedging problem as a stochastic program. Application of conjugate duality leads to the arbitrage pricing theorems of financial mathematics, namely the equivalence of absence of arbitrage and the existence of a probability measure that makes the price process into a marting...

We provide a critical analysis of the proof of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing given in the paper Arbitrage and approximate arbitrage: the fundamental theorem of asset pricing by B. Wong and C.C. Heyde (Stochastics, 2010) in the context of incomplete Itô-process models. We show that their approach can only work in the known case of a complete nancial market model and give an explicit c...

A stochastic interest rate generator is a valuable actuarial tool. The parameters that specify a stochastic model of interest rates can be adjusted to make the model arbitrage-free, or they can be adjusted to accommodate an individual investor's subjective views. The arbitrage-free settings of the parameters must be used when pricing streams of interest-rate-contingent cash flows, for example, ...

The actuarial and the financial approach to the pricing of risk remain different despite the increasingly direct interconnection of financial and insurance markets. The difference can be summarized as pricing based on classical risk theory (insurance) vs. non-arbitrage pricing (finance). However, comparable pricing principles are of importance when it comes to transferring insurance risk to fin...

We propose a new approach to the model calibration problem, which takes into account the multiplicity of solutions. Starting from a prior distribution on model parameters and a set of observed option prices, we propose a probabilistic construction which yields an arbitrage free pricing rule consistent with these observed option prices. Our approach yields a simple Monte Carlo algorithm for simu...