A general X-ray tube has two electrodes, the cathode and the anode, with a high voltage applied between them. Electrons are generated at the cathode. After the electrons are emitted from the cathode they are accelerated by the high voltage toward the anode (positive) electrode. The high speed electrons hitting the anode material then generate invisible radiation i.e. X-rays. The energy spectrum...

Sc2O3 doped tungsten matrix dispenser cathode prepared by liquid-liquid doping method exhibits high emission property, i.e., space charge limited current density reaches 48 A/cm at 850 Cb together with the slope of 1.44 has been obtained. Scanning electron microscope observation shows that the matrix has sub-micrometer microstructure, which is favorable for the diffusion of active substance fro...

Life-limiting processes in hollow cathodes are determined largely by the temperature of the electron emitter. To support cathode life assessment, a noncontact temperature measurement technique which employs a stepper motor-driven fiber optic probe was developed. The probe is driven inside the hollow cathode and collects light radiated by the hot interior surface of the emitter. Ratio pyrometry ...

A vacuum photodiode is constructed in the form of a parallel plate capacitor with plate separation d. A battery maintains constant potential V between the plates. A short laser pulse illuminates that cathode at time t = 0 with energy sufficient to liberate all of the surface charge density. This charge moves across the capacitor gap as a sheet until it is collected at the anode at time T . Then...

An exfoliation-reassembly-activation (ERA) approach to lithium-ion battery cathode fabrication is introduced, demonstrating that inactive HCoO(2) powder can be converted into a reversible Li(1-x) H(x) CoO(2) thin-film cathode. This strategy circumvents the inherent difficulties often associated with the powder processing of the layered solids typically employed as cathode materials. The delam...

Bioelectrochemical system (BES) for recalcitrant p-nitrophenol (PNP) removal was investigated in this study. Effective removal of PNP at rates up to 9.14 ± 0.48 mol m(-3)d(-1) was achieved at an energy consumption as low as 0.010 ± 0.002 kWh mol(-1) PNP. PNP removal rate was enhanced with negative cathode potential, increased influent PNP concentration and shortened hydraulic retention time (HR...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a gripping bio-electrochemical device producing H2 gas from renewable biomass while at the same time treat wastewater.  Through extensive global research efforts in the latest decade, the performance of MECs, including energy efficiency, hydrogen production rate (HPR), and hydrogen recovery have achieved significant breakthroughs. However, employi...

in the present study, the effect of porosity on the cathode microstructure (50:50 wt. % lsm: ysz) of a solid oxide fuel cell (sofc) has been examined. a 3-d finite element method for mixed ionic and electronic conducting cathodes (miec) is presented to study the effects of porosity on cell performance. each microstructure was realized using the monte carlo approach with the isotropic type of gr...

CRT white point, adapted white point, chromatic adaptation, viewing condition, monitor characterization, psychophysics, neutral point, mixed mode illumination, incomplete adaptation An iterative psychophysical algorithm is designed and implemented to determine the adapted white point for cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in a given viewing condition. This algorithm can accurately determine the chromatic...