Using data on older individuals and couples, we estimate a collective model of household consumption of a variety of goods, showing how resources are shared between husbands and wives, and how this allocation is affected by retirement and health status. We identify the extent to which shared consumption of goods by older married couples reduces the costs of living together relative to living al...

â â â â  reza roshan [1] â  department of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan , iran â  mosayeb pahlavani â  department of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan, iran â  mohammad nabi shahyaki tash â  department of economics, university of sistan and baluchestan, iran â  â â â  abstract â  consumption is the principal feature of iran’s gross national production. therefor...

OBJECTIVES The authors sought to determine the effects of cold-weather periods on budgets and nutritional outcomes among poor American families. METHODS The Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to track expenditures on food and home fuels, and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to track calorie consumption, dietary quality, vitamin deficiencies, and anemia. ...

In times of economic austerity, governments faced with declining revenues and political restraints on increasing taxes, must resort to major budgetary cutbacks. However, relatively little is known about how the governments of developing countries make expenditure decisions, or perhaps more importantly, how they trade off between consumption and investment or between functional categories of exp...

background: inequality in households’ and individuals' consumption expenditures is one of the most important aspects of health status difference among households and individuals. objectives: we investigated the impact of some macro-economic factors specially inequality factors on the iranian rural health status since 1986 through 2012. patients and methods: we conducted a longitudinal ecologica...

Consumers value nonmarket amenities such as climate, public goods, infrastructure, and pollution. They pay for these localized amenities indirectly, through spatial variation in housing prices and wages. In this paper, we develop a macroeconomic measure of indirect amenity expenditures that is consistent with microeconomic fundamentals of spatial equilibrium and principles of national income ac...

Sexual Bias and Household Consumption: A Semiparametric Analysis of Engel Curves in Rural China We analyze Engel curves for nuclear households in rural China. The sample includes more than 5000 nuclear families covering nineteen out of thirty Chinese provinces. We consider expenditures on food, also subdivided into several food subcategories such as cereals, or meat and fish, and other consumpt...

Consumption of food away from home in China is an increasingly important component of the food market as wealthier and busier consumers choose to dine out rather than prepare meals themselves. However, many meals consumed away from home in China are hosted rather than paid for by the individual consuming them, heretofore referred to as hosted meals. Neglecting the role of hosted meals may bias ...