When parents invest heavily in reproduction they commonly suffer significant energetic costs. Parents reduce the long-term fitness implications of these costs through increased foraging and reduced reproductive investment in the future. Similar behavioral modifications might be expected among helpers in societies of cooperative vertebrates, in which helping is associated with energetic costs. B...

Four different types of evaluation methods, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), cost-utility analysis (CUA), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-minimization analysis (CMA), are usually distinguished. In this note, we pronounce the (near) death of CMA by showing the rare circumstances under which CMA is an appropriate method of analysis. We argue that it is inappropriate for separate and sequen...

One of the economists’ missions is to predict the behavioral responses of consumers or firms on the assumption that optimizing continues. Once this capability is developed, economists try to manage “today” to optimize future economic return of the inputs. Techniques to predict future performance vary from an educated guess based on an appropriate analogy to very complex analytical and numerical...

In order to model capacitated location-allocation problem with fuzzy demands, three types of fuzzy programming models — fuzzy expected cost minimization model, fuzzy α-cost minimization model, and credibility maximization model — are proposed according to different decision criteria. For solving these models, some hybrid intelligent algorithms are also designed. Finally, several numerical exper...

The problem of bicriterion scheduling of jobs with identical processing times by uniform processors is considered. The first criterion is the minimization of either total or maximum costs, the second one is the minimization of maximum cost with different cost functions. Polynomial time algorithms are presented to determine all efficient solutions and the optimal solution for a given global crit...

in this article, a finite horizon, multi product and multi period economic order quantity like seasonal items is considered where demand rate is deterministic and known but variable in each period. the order quantities of items come in batch sizes and the end of the period order quantity and, consequently, demand of customers are zero. in addition, storage space is constrained and the problem ...

risk management is one of the nine project management processes, which provides positive results and minimizes the probability and consequences of adverse effects in the project.  in this article a zero-one linear programming model with multiple objectives is used to characterize the potential risks. the proposed model has two main objectives. the first objective is the minimization of the expe...

load management and cost optimization are among the important factors in trigenerationsystems and combined cooling, heating and power (cchp) systems. in this study, an innovative cchpsystem uses a gas turbine as the prime mover and has a heat recovery steam generator (hrsg) in addition toan auxiliary boiler, electric and absorption chillers. the system is tied with the bulk electric grid; to ex...