A relatively small, but growing, body of literature uses microdata from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to study self-employment and entrepreneurship among young adults. The topics covered in these studies include, but are not limited to, the determinants of entrepreneurship, earnings growth among entrepreneurs, the returns to self-employment, the relationship between cr...

This optimistic view did not carry over into the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, economic growth seemed to have lost its poverty reduction punch. While employment expanded, the jobs created seemed unable to lift workers and their families above the poverty line. If this apparently weakened linkage between economic growth and poverty still persists, the optimistic beliefs underlying the TAN...

Grassroots innovation is defined as innovative product or process created at the bottom of the pyramid, usually due to necessity, hardship and challenges. This article seek to understand and examine how grassroots innovation creates productive employment. This article briefly explain the role of Yayasan Inovasi Malaysia, a government agency setup to nurture and support scientific innovation, in...

Politicians expend a great deal of eff ort on attempting to reduce unemployment and stimulate economic growth. Policy programs specifi cally intended to create additional employment can be found at the regional, national, and supranational levels. Historically, such measures focused on the performance of large incumbent fi rms and more or less ignored the role that new businesses play in econom...

One of the peculiarities Spanish labour market has been existence a high share temporary employment, result 1984 reform which made use contracts more flexible. Since 1994, various reforms have sought to increase open-ended and discourage fixed-term contracts. Although these reforms, in particular 2012 2021 led reduction workers they also created other unintended problems, such as duration contr...

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa face severe unemployment problems. These problems are due to high population growth rates and declining economic performance (Charmes, 1990). In Kenya, the population grew at an average rate of four percent annually in the 1970s and started to decline in the 1980s following concerted family planning efforts. By 1991, the annual population growth fell to 3.5%...

This paper estimates the “jobs multiplier” of fiscal spending using the state-level allocations of federal stimulus funds from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). Specifically, I estimate the relationship between state-level federal ARRA spending and the change in states’ employment outcomes from the time the Act was passed (February 2009) to some later month (through June 2...