background: to evaluate the immunological properties of leishmania major excreted- secreted (e-s) products on the progress of leishmaniasis in susceptible balb/c mice. methods: promastigotes of the leishmania major were cultured and e-s products were collected during the culture preiod. groups of balb/c mice (n= 12) were immunized with e-s products or whole antigen. animals were challenged with...

Interleukin (IL)-17 is exclusively produced by CD4 helper T-cells upon activation. It most often acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In this study, we studied the in-vitro IL-17 response to specific antigens and a variety of mitogens and compared the IL-1...

Background: Opium addiction alters immune responses to stresses such as an injury due to changing the secretion of cytokines. The present study assessed the effect of opium addiction on the cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10] before and after laparotomy. Methods: Male rats were randomly divided into control and opium addicted (n = 20...

Background: Leishmania is a significant health problem in many parts of the world. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an essential role in Leishmania major infections. Objective: To study the pro-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants in four groups of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Methods: 39 patients were divided into four groups of: 1) active (acute phase of treatment); 2) non-healing (r...

interleukin (il)-17 is exclusively produced by cd4 helper t-cells upon activation. it most often acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines il-6, il-8, tnf-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf). in this study, we studied the in-vitro il-17 response to specific antigens and a variety of mitogens and compared the il-1...

immune and inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines, play important roles in the pathophysiology of asthma. these responses are associated with overexpression of th2 cytokines such as il-4 and il-13. these two cytokines use common receptors for signaling that lead to identical immunological effects and regulation of the th1/th2 balance. the aim of this study was to determine whether patient...

PURPOSES To explorer the serum level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the patients of ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel disease. And analyze the correlation between the cytokine's levels and disease's activity of ulcerative colitis patients. METHODS Serum cytokines of ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea patients including IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TNF...

background: midkine (mk) is a heparin-binding growth factor with promoting effects in inflammatory responses through enhancing leukocytes migration. objective: to study the correlation between mk serum levels and concentration of inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients. methods: we evaluated the mk level and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines (il-17 and il-23) and a...

Background: Probiotics have been used for many years to promote human health by mitigating inflammation. However, its mechanics not fully elucidated. During inflammation, excessive and/or prolonged production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is related with various inflammatory diseases and cancer. Several probiotics reported as playing a role in suppressing the level pro-inflammatory cytokines, bo...

Shiga toxins (Stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Escherichia coli strains. Stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Additionally, Stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. The inflammatory cyto...