Abstract: In the traditional paradigm, large power plants provide active and reactive power required for the transmission system and the distribution network purchases grid power from it. However, with more and more distributed energy resources (DERs) connected at distribution levels, it is necessary to schedule DERs to meet their demand and participate in the electricity markets at the distrib...

The growing focus on sustainable and environmentally friendly energy production has resulted in the proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs), mainly based on renewable sources like wind and sunlight. However, their small size and the intermittent nature of their supply means that such generators cannot easily be assimilated into the current electricity network (Grid) like convention...

A micro-grid is an energy community having various Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as diesel engines, micro turbines, solar power, wind power, fuel cells and energy storage devices. The multi-agent architecture offers a hierarchical structure is very suitable for managing multi-individual and heterogeneous DERs in the micro-grid environment. This paper proposes a multi-agent architectu...

Given the significant concerns regarding carbon emission from the fossil fuels, global warming and energy crisis, the renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) are going to be integrated in the smart grid. This grid can spread the intelligence of the energy distribution and control system from the central unit to the long-distance remote areas, thus enabling accurate state estimation (SE) a...

Distributed energy resources (DERs) including distributed generators (DGs) and controllable loads (CLs) are managed in the form of several microgrids (MGs) in active distributions networks (ADNs) to meet the demand locally. On the other hand, some loads of distribution networks (DNs) can be supplied by retailers which participate in wholesale energy markets. Therefore, there are several decisio...

Background: Studies that examined dietary energy requirements (DERs) of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) have shown mixed results. Many studies reported normal DERs, but some described increased energy needs. DERs in MHD patients have been estimated primarily from indirect calorimetry and from nitrogen balance studies. The present study measured DERs in MHD patients on the bas...

This paper describes a communication concept in the distribution power network with dispersed energy resources (DER), which regulates and controls the voltage profile in the power network. The communication concept is based on fast links between checkpoints on feeders and on DER. The advantage of this concept is establishing communication among all DERs, feeders and the area control center, whi...

We study the phenomenon of evolution of cooperation in the electricity domain, where self-interested agents representing distributed energy resources (DERs) strategize for maximizing payoff. From the system’s viewpoint cooperation represents a solution capable to cope with the increasing complexity, generated by the introduction of DERs to the grid. The problem domain is modelled from a multi-a...

abstract: enviromental concerns, improvements in renewable energy technologies, governmental incentives for the use of these resources, and increased t&d; costs, are the main factors driving the energy sector into a new era, where considerable portions of electrical demand will be met through widespread installation of distributed energy resources (ders). the virtual power plant (vpp) is a dece...

BACKGROUND Studies that examined dietary energy requirements (DERs) of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) have shown mixed results. Many studies reported normal DERs, but some described increased energy needs. DERs in MHD patients have been estimated primarily from indirect calorimetry and from nitrogen balance studies. The present study measured DERs in MHD patients on the basi...