drug user

Addiction, which offends social and moral norms, has been considered as a criminal phenomenon in most of the countries all over the world and has been confronted by various punishment mechanisms which fluctuate from fine and imprisonment to sever punishments such as execution. Dominant approach toward addiction has been considered as "strict" on the part of the states involved employi...

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occult hepatitis b virus infection in a previously vaccinated injection drug user

Journal: :hepatitis monthly 0

eleanor a. powell division of digestive disease, department of internal medicine, university of cincinnati college of medicine, cincinnati, oh, usa sanam razeghi division of digestive disease, department of internal medicine, university of cincinnati college of medicine, cincinnati, oh, usa stephen zucker division of digestive disease, department of internal medicine, university of cincinnati college of medicine, cincinnati, oh, usa jason t. blackard division of digestive disease, department of internal medicine, university of cincinnati college of medicine, cincinnati, oh, usa; division of digestive disease, department of internal medicine, university of cincinnati college of medicine, cincinnati, ml 0595, 231 albert sabin way cincinnati, oh 45267, usa. tel: +1-513-558-4389, fax: +1-513-558-1744

conclusions hbv vaccination in infancy is effective at preventing chronic hbv infection but is less effective at preventing occult hbv infection. similar studies examining the efficacy of adult hbv vaccination in preventing occult hbv have not been performed. this case highlights the importance of carefully determining the hbv status of high-risk individuals, as vaccination history and the pres...

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