dystonia is a movement disorder that causes sustained muscle contractions, repetitive twisting movements, and abnormal postures of the trunk, neck, face, or arms and legs. inherited dystonias can be classified as primary dystonia, dystonia-plus, heredo-degenerative dystonia, and paroxysmal dyskinesias with dystonia. the primary dystonias are those with no other neurologic abnormalities. primary...

Introduction:Dystonia is a disorder of movement caused by various etiologies. Laryngeal dystonia is caused by the spasm of laryngeal muscles. It is a disorder caused by vocal fold movement in which excessive adduction or abduction of the vocal folds occurs during speech. The pathophysiology of this type of dystonia is not fully known. Some researchers have suggested that basal ganglia structure...

oromandibular dystonia (omd) is a rare focal neurological disorder that affects mouth, face, and jaws. this comprehensive literature review aimed to summarize the current evidence for etiology, diagnosis, and management of omd and assess the possibility of dental origin of the disease and dental treatment plans for these patients. different online databases namely pubmed, google scholar, and sc...

We aimed to study the attitude of Italian neurologists in use conventional MRI patients with idiopathic adult-onset focal dystonia. Patients were included Dystonia Registry by experts working different centers. was available for 1045 1471 (71%) analysis. Using logistic regression analysis, we found that more likely be performed cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, or non-task-specific upper ...

introduction:dystonia is a disorder of movement caused by various etiologies. laryngeal dystonia is caused by the spasm of laryngeal muscles. it is a disorder caused by vocal fold movement in which excessive adduction or abduction of the vocal folds occurs during speech. the pathophysiology of this type of dystonia is not fully known. some researchers have suggested that basal ganglia structure...

Late-onset dystonia occurs after long-term antipsychotic treatment or discontinuation of treatment. Being young, male gender, mental retardation, and mood disorder are risk factors. By considering the dystonic complaints psychotic symptoms patient who had a diagnosis schizoaffective risperidone 8 mg/day tablet use for 3 months, it was planned to continue with clozapine. When did not improve, bo...

  Background : Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globuspallidusinternus (GPi) is recommended as a promising technique for the management of the primary generalized dystonia (PGD) with DYT1 gene mutation. We present the first report of DBS results in Iranian patients with DYT1 positive PGD.   Methods : Nine patients who suffered from severely disabling DYT1 positive PGD consecutively were recr...

Some patients with dystonic movements and postures not known to be caused by environmental or degenerative disorders can be segregated from classical-appearing idiopathic torsion dystonia on the basis of distinctive clinical and pharmacologic features. Many of them should be considered within the family of dystonia, as clinical variants of idiopathic torsion dystonia, while others are better cl...