In the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP), distribution network is split into two echelons. Different vehicles are operated on first and second echelon to maintain economies of scale adhere any restrictions that may be present in either echelon. Intermediate facilities located at borders echelons facilitate consolidation transshipment goods between Examples systems include express del...

Driven by the new laws and regulations concerning emission of greenhouse gases, it is becoming more popular for enterprises to adopt cleaner energy. This research proposes a novel two-echelon vehicle routing problem consisting mixed vehicles considering battery swapping stations, which includes one depot, multiple satellites with unilateral time windows, customers given demands. The fossil fuel...

The efficient and timely distribution of freight goods is critical for supporting the demands of modern urban areas. Optimum freight ensures the survival and development of urban areas. In the contemporary logistic there are two main distribution strategies: direct distribution and multi-echelon distribution. In the direct distribution, means of transport, starting from the main distribution ce...

This paper examines the cost-reduction effect of “postponed” routing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain. When a delivery vehicle leaves the warehouse with system replenishment quantities, it sequentially makes routing decisions to choose the next retailer to visit. To measure this effect this paper studies combined vehicle routing and inventoryallocation policies designed to minimize total...

• Two-echelon vehicle routing problem with three important real-world extensions. Simultaneous handling of reverse flows, satellite capacities, and timing aspects. Matheuristic solution approach combines different decomposition strategies. New for efficient feasibility testing local-search moves. Last-mile collection delivery services often rely on multi-echelon logistic systems many types prac...

In multi-echelon distribution strategy freight is delivered to customers via intermediate depots. Rather than using direct shipments, this strategy is an increasingly popular one in urban logistics. This is primarily to alleviate the environmental (e.g., energy usage and congestion) and social (e.g., traffic-related air pollution, accidents and noise) consequences of logistics operations. This ...

In this paper, a two-echelon cooperated routing problem for the ground vehicle (GV) and its carried unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is investigated, where the GV travels on the road network and its UAV travels in areas beyond the road to visit a number of targets unreached by the GV. In contrast to the classical two-echelon routing problem, the UAV has to launch and land on the GV frequently to c...

the location-routing problem is a relatively new branch of logistics system. its objective is to determine a suitable location for constructing distribution warehouses and proper transportation routing from warehouse to the customer. in this study, the location-routing problem is investigated with considering fuzzy servicing time window for each customer. another important issue in this regard ...

The paper studies the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows, in which delivery of freight from depots to customers is performed using intermediate facilities called satellites. We consider variant precedence constraints for unloading and loading at In this allows storage consolidation Thus, total transportation cost may decrease comparison alternative exact synchroni...