Pathogens grow and cause disease by exploiting the host as a rich and diverse source of food. However, it is not always an easy task to tap these food resources since the host innate immune response restricts pathogen access to crucial nutrients (“nutritional immunity”) [1]. Pathogens have acquired various mechanisms to evade host nutritional innate immunity and to trigger the host to generate ...

Consuming a healthy diet throughout the lifecourse helps prevent malnutrition in all its forms as well as a range of Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and conditions. But the increased production of processed food, rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles have led to a shift in dietary patterns. People are now consuming more foods high in energy, fats, free sugars or salt/sodium, and many do n...

OBJECTIVE The present study evaluates energy and nutrient intake in Spanish children under three years of age, and compares the results with the current recommendations in order to identify possible inadequate nutrient intake. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional pilot study. The mothers completed a diet diary for four non-consecutive days, recording the products and amounts consumed by the...

BACKGROUND Poor nutrient intake is conceptualized to be a component of frailty, but this hypothesis has been little investigated. We examined the association between low energy and nutrient intake and frailty. METHODS We used data from 802 persons aged 65 years or older participating to the InCHIANTI (Invecchiare in Chianti, aging in the Chianti area) study. Frailty was defined by having at l...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the socio-economic and dietary factors associated with overweight and obesity, respectively, in southern France. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of socio-economic, lifestyle and nutritional characteristics of a representative population sample. A questionnaire elicited information on anthropometric measurements, socio-economic factors, physical activity, tobacco use, ...

All vertebrates require certain amounts of energy, protein and ‘essential’ nutrients. Dietary sources of energy include carbohydrates, protein and fat. Dietary protein is necessary for satisfying an animal’s protein requirements. Certain dietary nutrients are classified as ‘essential’ because they are required for synthesis or functioning of crucial chemical compounds, yet they cannot be synthe...

AIM The aim of our study was to evaluate the inadequacy of voluntary energy and nutrient intake on the first day of hospital admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in two terciary care hospitals, with a probabilistic sample of 50% of in-patients. Dietary intake was evaluated by a 24-hour dietary recall, and undernutrition was screened through the Nutritional R...

Introduction Animals eat in order to get the energy and nutrients they need to live, grow and reproduce. Animals use energy to perform normal body functions such as breathing, walking, eating, digesting, and maintaining body temperature. Different types of nutrients provide energy as well as the building blocks needed for the development of bone, flesh, feathers, and eggs. These nutrients inclu...

methane is one of the important greenhouse gases that contribute to a rise in global mean surface temperature. aquatic environments are postulated to contribute > 50% of the total global methane (ch4) flux to the atmosphere (de angelis and lilley, 1987). dissolved methane concentration in surface waters was measured from january to december 2008 at two selected sites upper reaches (ongc bridge)...