It is substantiated that particular features of pragmatics are teachable, and instruction is both necessary and effective. Determining what kind of intervention is most effectual for facilitating learners’ pragmatic development has been a central issue for researchers. To respond to the inconclusive findings in intervention studies and to extend the instructional studies in L2 pragmatics to les...

In this study, an observer for estimating the state and unknown inputs is proposed monitoring anaerobic digestion processes. This estimator based on a dynamic model considering acidogenesis methanogenesis, consists of three sub-observers: (a) gramian-based fixed-time convergent inlet chemical oxygen demand (COD) acidogenic bacteria population, (b) asymptotic methanogenic (c) super-twisting syst...

Low threshold Ca2+ currents mediated by T-type channels underlie burst spike activities of relay neurons in the thalamus. We have previously reported that knock-out mice for T-type channels show an enhanced nociceptive response to visceral pain, accompanied by an increase in tonic spikes in the absence of burst spikes in thalamic relay neurons. These results raised a possibility that T-type cha...

  In this paper, different input-oriented ratio-based DEA (DEA-R-I) models are proposed. By presenting the envelopment-additive-enhanced Russell model based on the DEA-R-I form, each decision making unit is evaluated and its efficiency score is calculated. Also, by presenting the central resource allocation model based on the DEA-R-I form, a suitable benchmark for all DMUs is proposed by solvin...

 In this paper, we investigate the evolution of supercontinuum and femtosecond optical pulses generation through square lattice elliptical-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) at 1550 nm by using both full-vector multipole method (M.P.M) and novel concrete algorithms: symmetric  split-step Fourier (SSF) and  fourth order Runge Kutta (RK4) which is an accurate method to solve the general  nonlinear...