This study tried to find the strategies applied in three English translations of the Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyar. To this aim, the source text (ST) was analyzed verse by verse with each verse being compared with its English translations to determine what procedures the translators had used to render the source text. Subsequently, the frequency of usage for each procedure was measured ...

Abstract The ‘pneumatic episodes’ of Long’s essay survey ancient Greek ideas about breath ( pneuma ) and respiration, starting from Homer’s epic poetry concluding with Galen’s medical the uses breathing, pathologies breathlessness. These authors explored vital connections between breath, heart, mind, brain. They also considered how functions to control body’s temperature, animal life begins why...

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the comparative research about the common features and roots of the shāh-nāme, the most renowned iranian national epic and the most comprehensive and authoritative source of heroic narratives, with other works of the same nature in verse and prose is a long story and cannot be adequately addressed in a limited scope. however, the present article aims at describing one or more common aspects. on...

Literary genre “maqtal” came to literature from the arabs. Then it passed persians, and then Turkish literature. During time of prophet after him, wars their tragedies were called as "maqtal." The arabic word maqtal means "the place where a person is killed when he killed." XIV century specimens are richer than this one gives some materials for research. An acquaintance with Yusuf Maddah's masn...