OBJECTIVE To assess the state of national health research systems of countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. DESIGN A questionnaire-based survey METHODS: Structured questionnaires were used to solicit health research systems' relevant information from key informants in each country. SETTING Forty-six Member States of the WHO African Region. PARTICIPANTS Key inform...

The emergence of H1N1 in 2009 shows that it is a mistake to regard the scenario of having to implement pandemic plans as merely hypothetical. This recent experience provides an opportunity to inquire into the current state of pandemic preparedness plans with regard to their ethical adequacy. One aspect that deserves consideration in this context is the disclosure of ethical reasoning. According...

the ethical sensitivity of nurses in decision making in ayatollah taleghani hospital, 1391     baghaei r [1] ,moradi y [2] *,aminolsharehs [3] ,zareh h [4]     received: 30 sep , 2013 accepted: 3 dec , 2013   abstract   background & aims : the ethical decision making process to identify the problems through analysis, and to decide about them in accordance with ethical standards is an important ...

The article by Daniels and colleagues on expanding the scope of health technology assessment (HTA) to embrace ethical analysis has received endorsement and criticism from commentators in this journal. Referring to this debate, we examine in this article the extent and locus of ethical analysis in HTA processes. An expansion/no-expansion framing of HTA is, in our view, not very fruitful. We argu...

Public-health regularly encounters serious ethical dilemmas, such as rationing scarce resources, influencing individuals to change their behaviour, and limiting freedom to diminish disease transmission. Yet unlike medical ethics, there is no agreed-upon framework for analysing these difficulties. We offer such a framework. It distinguishes three philosophical views, often invoked in public-heal...

the efforts of advocates of ethics in business, depicts people conduct model with company, competitors and others in a list of ethical codes. it helps the ethical organizational culture. these codes distinguish what is right from what is wrong in professions. then according to the important role of ethics in islam, this research, derives some marketing and sale ethical criteria from interviews ...

background as a legitimate and credible role-model, the ethical nurse leader engages in the proper structuring of the workplace and plays a significant role in improving the organizational climate. despite the importance of the subject, no studies have yet examined the effect of ethical nursing leadership in improving organizational climates in iran. objectives the study was conducted to explor...

Thinking and practising ethically requires reasoning systematically about the right thing to do. Health promotion ethics - a form of applied ethics - includes analysis of health promotion practice and how this can be ethically justified. Existing frameworks can assist in such evaluation. These acknowledge the moral value of delivering benefits. But benefits need to be weighed against burdens, h...

Ethical decision making is increasingly emphasized in daily media practice. The pervasive reportage of disaster is a ready context to analyze journalistic ethical orientations. This study examines several classic approaches and their applications in covering disaster, in order to develop a comprehensive ethical framework (an ethical coordinate) for researchers to examine journalistic ethical or...

the aim of this research was to investigated or the relationship between ethical leadership and workplace deviance behaviors with mediating role of affective commitment and ethical climate. the statistical community was the employees of jahad agricultural organization of khozestan. the participants of this study included 220 employees who were selected by random sampling method. the instruments...