Gauss’ law and the equation of continuity must be satisfied in all materials be they solids, liquids or gases. Most materials are classified as simple materials; i.e., their electrical properties are linear, isotropic and homogeneous. Charge transport in these simple materials should be described by a constitutive equation known as Ohm’s law. When Ohm’s law is combined with Gauss’ law and the e...

Ballistic photon models of radiative transfer in discrete absorbing random media have demonstrated deviations from the Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law of exponential attenuation. A number of theoretical constructs to quantify the deviation from the Beer–Lambert– Bouguer law have appeared in the literature, several of which rely principally on a statistical measure related to the statistics of the abso...

A general solution of the functional equation J f{x+y)dfii(y) = f(x) where / is a nonnegative function and ?i is a o--finite positive Borel measure on [0, oo ) is shown to be f(x) = p(x) exp (xa?) where p is a periodic function with every yep, the support of ft as a period. The solution is applied in characterizing Pareto, exponential and geometric distributions by properties of integrated lack...

In this study, the torsional stability analysis is presented for thin cylindrical with the functionally graded (FG) middle layer resting on the Winker elastic foundation. The mechanical properties of functionally graded material (FGM) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law and exponential distributions in terms of volume fractions of the constituents...

In the present paper, the buckling problem of rectangular functionally graded (FG) plate with arbitrary edge supports is investigated. The present analysis is based on the classical plate theory (CPT) and large deformation is assumed for deriving stability equations. The plate is subjected to bi-axial compression loading. Mechanical properties of FG plate are assumed to vary continuously along ...

In this article, the prominence has been given to study the influence of skew angle on bending response of functionally graded material shell panels under thermo-mechanical environment. Derivation of governing equations is based on the Reddy’s higher-order shear deformation theory and Sander’s kinematic equations. To circumvent the problem of C1 continuity requirement coupled with the finite el...

in this paper, turbulent mixed convective heat transfer of water and al2o3 nanofluid has been numerically studied in a horizontal tube under non-uniform heat flux on the upper wall and insulation in the lower wall using mixture model. for the discretization of governing equations, the second-order upstream difference scheme and finite volume method were used. the coupling of pressure and veloci...

We present an analytical model based on scalar-wave approximation to study the stop bands of facecentered-cubic photonic crystals with dielectric spheres at lattice sites. An analytical expression is obtained for the normalized stop band widths along the @111# and @100# directions as a function of volume fraction and relative dielectric contrast. These calculations enable us to map out the diel...

Many soft-matter systems show a transition between fluidlike and mechanically solidlike states when the volume fraction of the material, e.g., particles, drops, or bubbles is increased. Using an emulsion as a model system with a precisely controllable volume fraction, we show that the entire mechanical behavior in the vicinity of the jamming point can be understood if the mechanical transition ...