Several previously unknown models of the Enigma machine have recently been discovered through archive research and inspection of machines in museum collections. The present knowledge about these machines, including both use and technical details, is presented. The paper shows that the Enigma was not one machine, but rather a family of machines built upon the principle of wired rotors with a fix...

We propose a direct measure of altruism between parents and adult children, using survey data on happiness from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 2000–2004. The question of altruism within families has policy relevance, for example, to understand whether public transfers crowd out private ones. Previous empirical evidence, based on observed transfer behavior, has failed to establish...

For many years immunologists have been well served by the viewpoint that the immune system's primary goal is to discriminate between self and non-self. I believe that it is time to change viewpoints and, in this essay, I discuss the possibility that the immune system does not care about self and non-self, that its primary driving force is the need to detect and protect against danger, and that ...

Families are a major resource in assisting individuals in coping with life problems and during times of need. This is particularly evident among black families who have historically been instrumental in helping members cope with adverse life conditions such as racial discrimination, poverty, and chronic unemployment. Black extended families provide various forms of support to adolescent mothers...

We investigate partial insurance and group risk sharing in extended family networks. Our approach is based on decomposing income shocks into group aggregate and idiosyncratic components, allowing us to measure the extent to which each is insured, having accounted for public insurance programs. We apply our framework to extended family networks in the United States by exploiting the unique inter...

This study discusses some variants of Ordered WeightedAveraging (OWA) operators and related information aggregation methods. Indetail, we define the Extended Ordered Weighted Sum (EOWS) operator and theExtended Ordered Weighted Averaging (EOWA) operator, which are applied inscientometrics evaluation where the preference is over finitely manyrepresentative works. As...