In a randomised trial of artificial surfactant (ALEC) given at birth to 294 babies less than 34 weeks' gestation, the respiratory compliance was measured at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 168 hours after birth. In babies less than 29 weeks' gestation ALEC significantly improved the mean (SEM) compliance at 6 hours from 0.54 (0.06) to 0.91 (0.13) ml/cm H2O/kg and at 24 hours from 0.57 (0.04) to 0.92 (0.10) m...

Amazon beef and soybean industries, the primary drivers of Amazon deforestation, are increasingly responsive to economic signals emanating from around the world, such as those associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, "mad cow disease") outbreaks and China's economic growth. The expanding role of these economic "teleconnections" (coupled phenomena that take place in distant places ...

In recent years, several countries in Latin America, and around the world, have met the challenge of developing and expanding critical infrastructure by promoting private sector participation in the infrastructure sectors. Recognizing the relevance of the infrastructure sectors for the economic development of firms and industry and the well-being of the population, and given increasing constrai...

• A well developed financial system is necessary for economic development and poverty alleviation (Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine 2004 and Honohan 2004a). The empirical relationship between finance and growth is well established in theoretical literature, as surveyed by Levine (2005). Financial market imperfections are particularly binding on poor or small entrepreneurs lacking collateral, cred...

We present *K-means clustering algorithm and source code by expanding statistical clustering methods applied in https://ssrn.com/abstract=2802753 to quantitative finance. *K-means is statistically deterministic without specifying initial centers, etc. We apply *K-means to extracting cancer signatures from genome data without using nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). *K-means' computational ...

There is little evidence that the expansion of microfinance has reduced poverty, but is instead increasingly associated with problematic multiple borrowing at high interest rates and high levels of debt and default. We develop a model that rationalizes these outcomes-if entrepreneurs cannot commit to exclusive borrowing from a single lender, expanding financial access by introducing multiple le...