The seceder model is an extremely simple individual based model which shows how the local tendency to be different gives rise to the formation of hierarchically structured groups, called the seceder effect. The model consists of a population of simple entities which reproduce and die. In a single reproduction event three individuals are chosen randomly and the individual which possesses the lar...

Ai Chi This class meets in the Aquatic Wellness pool, which has a pool temperature of 91-93 degrees. This is a water movement and relaxation program that increases oxygen and caloric consumption by combining deep breathing and slow, broad movements. Ai Chi is successfully used with individuals with pain, arthritis, fibromyalgia, COPD, and with neurological and orthopedic diagnosis. Class will m...

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the evolutionary forces underlying animal group-living behavior. Even so, Krause and Ruxton (2002) identified optimal group size as an under-researched area characterized by unwieldy large-predator study systems and simulations based on group rather than individual decision-making. Therefore, we present a simple, flexible simulation of foragi...

A concept of age of individuals for measuring their suitablity for participation in genetic operations for steady state GAS is introduced. Effective fitness of an individual depends both on its functional value and age. Age of a newly generated individual is taken as zero and every iteration it is increased by one. As in nature, a d d t individuals are considered more fit for genetic operations...

Many species show individual variation in neophobia and stress hormones, but the causes and consequences of this variation in the wild are unclear. Variation in neophobia levels could affect the number of offspring animals produce, and more subtly influence the rearing environment and offspring development. Nutritional deficits during development can elevate levels of stress hormones that trigg...

This paper examines the concepts of selection and fitness as they have been defined and used by various workers in evolutionary biology. In doing so, it presents several closely related versions of the theory of organic evolution. The paper argues that the several concepts of selection are related in a fairly simple way. Some of the concepts are equivalent to each other and lead to equivalent f...

Attractiveness judgment in the context of mate preferences is thought to reflect an assessment of mate quality in relation to an absolute scale of genetic fitness and a relative scale of self-similarity. In this study, subjects judged the attractiveness and trustworthiness of faces in composite images that were manipulated to produce self-similar (self-resemblance) and dissimilar (other-resembl...

the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), which is known as one of the most important economic pests, can cause severe damage to different crops in iran and many countries of the world. the effect of five maize hybrids: sc260, sc500, sc700, sc704 and dc370 on lysozyme activity in the hemolymph of sixth instar of h. armigera using lytic zone assay and its association with some fitness ...