We introduce the development of the Electronic Lexicon of Contemporary Newborn Chinese Words: (1) the definition of a newborn word, (2) the main principle behind constructing the lexicon, (3) the collection of newborn words and their feature descriptions of them, and (4) the classification of 40,000 newborn words. In our opinion, a new bornword is a character string that appeared after 1978 in ...

A bipartite system is characterized by the fact that it consists of two major portions: a machine dictionary and a translation algorithm. It differs from a tripartite system which consists of three major portions: a machine dictionary, a parsing algorithm, and a separate table of grammatical and semantic rules. In the author's opinion, the alleged advantages of a tripartite algorithm turn out t...

This study sheds light on the issues in which Sibawayh made a mistake book ``Ea'arab of Qur'an'' for An-Nahas, grammatical study, where I enumerated these and edited them by presenting discussing evidence then concluded with opinion researchers, clear statement misleading. All this stems from justice truth, far fanaticism or inclination toward one scholar without another. The research was divid...

In 1925, the German biologist and philosopher Hans Driesch published a booklet entitled The Crisis in Psychology. It was originally published in English and was based on lectures given at various universities in China, Japan and the USA. The "crisis" in psychology of that time, in Driesch's opinion, lies in the necessity to decide about "the road which psychology is to follow in the future". Th...

This study aimed at investigating the effects of grammatical error correction on EFL learners’ accuracy. Twenty-two male and female senior students were chosen randomly to respond to a questionnaire investigating their beliefs about immediate grammatical error correction.  Actually, the study was conducted in order to answer this question: what is the effect of grammatical error feedback on stu...

AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...