An important but under-appreciated aspect of grammar is the extent of the integration a grammatical construction specifies among its constitutive elements. Besides its vital role in synchronic grammar, this essential aspect of constructional meaning is a pivotal factor in grammaticization. These points will be illustrated through a variety of construction types drawn from a number of diverse la...

Phonetic markedness regarding linguistically relevant tonal patterns (Accent 2, boundary tones) in Central Swedish is discussed. Both tonal markedness and F0 turning points are assumed to be important cues for anticipatory attention to grammatical structure during speech processing. Empirical evidence from neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic experiments for the assumed relation between anticip...

• Clause Typing This work is part of a broader project on clause typing undertaken collaboratively with Raffaella Zanuttini. Our work on clause types begins from the following fundamental points: ∗This is part of a project funded by NSF grant BCS-0234278, ‘Clause Types: Form and Force in Grammatical Theory’, to Paul Portner and Raffaella Zanuttini. Miok Pak, and Simon Mauck, our collaborators o...

The focus of this study is to investigate the comparative effect of teaching grammar through interpretation tasks and pictorial clues on EFL learners’ writing accuracy. The participants were 60 female intermediate EFL learners with age range of 21-35 who were divided into two experimental groups after being homogenized by a piloted PET test. In the piloted researcher-made pre-test, the research...

AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...

undoubtedly the holy quran is a unique book in arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. its words are a pure collection of arabic literature. all poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. it is a permanent treasure of arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. it kept the arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. it also conta...