BACKGROUND There is a large body of literature examining income in relation to health expenditures. The share of expenditures in health sector from GDP in developed countries is often larger than in non-developed countries, suggesting that as the level of economic growth increases, health spending increase, too. OBJECTIVES This paper estimates long-run relationships between health expenditure...

This study reports on 20 years of private social welfare spending, from 1972 through 199 1. The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in financing the Nation's aggregate social welfare programs; this section assumes a large share of health and medical care expenditures, as well as income-maintenance benefits, the latter in areas of employment-related pensions, group life insu...

While homeland security is widely seen as an important national objective, the costs of this effort are not well understood. An analysis of public and private expenditures on homeland security shows that overall spending rose by $34 billion between 2001 and 2005—a clear increase but one that represents a gain of only 1⁄4 of 1 percent as a share of U.S. GDP. Private sector expenditures increased...

The private sector continues to play social welfare expenditures series.’ Viewed as a share of gross domestic an increasingly important role in financPrivate outlays include a large share product (GDP) as shown in table 1, ing the Nation’s aggregate social welfare of health and medical care expenditures, private sector support of social welfare programs. This note provides estimates as well as ...

Most models of aggregate economic activity, like the standard neoclassical growth model, ignore the fact that equipment and structures are maintained and repaired. Once physical capital is purchased in these models, there are typically no more decisions made regarding its use. The theme of this article is that there is evidence to suggest that incorporating expenditures on the maintenance and r...

Switzerland (7.2 million inhabitants) is a federal state composed of 26 cantons. The autonomy of cantons and a particular health insurance system create strong heterogeneity in terms of regulation and organisation of health care services. In this study we use a single-equation approach to model the per capita cantonal expenditures on health care services and postulate that per capita health exp...

In the competitive market of B2B e-commerce website, as customer switching cost and network externality could prevent customers to switch to later entrant, the earlier entrant has the advantage to build and retain its market share. However, the declining cost of information technology (IT) over time provides the later entrant a cost advantage. In order to maintain competitive advantage, what sh...

Previous work by has shown that lumpy investment models well characterize individual expenditures on durables, in particular automobiles. In that class of models, a higher level of uncertainty generally implies that the household should tolerate a larger imbalance between the actual stock of the durable and the target stock before closing it by buying and/or selling. Then, if the level of uncer...

This paper investigates if and to which extent managerial behavior, its mindset and potential behavioral biases can be accounted for the underperformance of companies. We include behavioural explanations, such as optimistic managers, as well as rational theories, for example agency costs or that informed managers take advantage of a possible window of opportunity. Using the data of IPOs and SEO...