in present paper, first the concept of informal economy and its place in the economic literature has been described. then the causes and factors involved in providing the informal sector was examined and the volume of informal economy was estimated. second, the effect of inflation on informal economy was surveyed. to estimate the volume of informal sector, residual discrepancy method was used a...

BACKGROUND Transfers of money and help with daily activities by family and friends are important sources of support for older people and contribute to their well being. On the other hand, older adults are not only recipients of support but also important providers of support and financial transfers as giving and receiving are often reciprocal. For this, it is important to understand the determi...

This paper considers the ways in which proximity benefits informal communication and relationship development and how technologies can create virtual proximity. We present an “encounters” framework for understanding how proximity shapes opportunities for interpersonal communication and relationship development and then examine how dimensions of encounters influence informal communication in an ...

This paper uses an Activity Theory framework to explore adult user activities and informal learning processes as reflected in their blogs and social network sites (SNS). Using the assumption that a web-based space is an activity system in which learning occurs, typical features of the components were investigated and each activity system then characterized. Data obtained from individual users o...

Software systems are specified with formal artifacts such as requirements or architecture models. However, informal project artifacts such as bug reports, tasks or discussion threads also include relevant information about the respective software systems and their development. It is beneficial to externalize such information in formalized representations, e.g. to increase the automation of deve...

Verpleging het uit ’n maatskaplike behoefte aan sorg vir siekes ontstaan. Verskeie groepe en individue het deur die eeue heen ’n verreikende invloed op die ontwikkeling van verpleging gehad en dit uitgebou tot die professie wat ons vandag ken. In die moderne wêreld oefen veral ontwikkeling in tegnologie ’n groot invloed uit — vergelyk byvoorbeeld die toekomstige rol van rekenarisering op gesond...

Background: Informal care is taking an increasingly important role in our health care system, and an improvement in our understanding of caregiving experiences and outcomes has become more relevant. The Lifelines informal care add-on study (Lifelines ICAS) was initiated within the Lifelines Cohort Study to cover the large heterogeneity in the caregiver population and to investigate the complex ...

OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding the amount of time spent by unpaid caregivers providing help to elderly individuals for disabilities associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). We sought to obtain nationally representative estimates of the time, and associated cost, of informal caregiving provided to elderly individuals with diabetes, and to determine the complications of DM that contribute mo...

BACKGROUND Faced with increased public spending for care, knowledge of the determinants of the choices between informal and formal care is of particular importance for estimating the need for care in the future. METHODS Using a representative sample of Spanish dependent elderly from the Disabilities, Independence and Dependency Situations Survey (DIDSS) 2008, we compare the factors associated...