CONTEXT Deviation from evidence-based guidelines in hypertension treatment is common, but its economic impact has not been rigorously studied. Suboptimal prescribing patterns contribute to the high cost of medications for elderly patients as well as the difficulty in providing affordable prescription drug benefits for older Americans. OBJECTIVE To calculate the potential savings from the pers...

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterised by an inability to provide sufficient cardiac output to meet tissue demands at normal ventricular filling pressures (1). The syndrome is a significant health issue in the United States, where almost 5 million people have received the diagnosis of heart failure and about a half million new cases are diagnosed annually. According to estimates, ne...

Different methods of urban sewage sludge energy recovery such as burning, gasification, pyrolysis and digestion based on the net energy production efficiency, advantages and disadvantages and complexity of these processes have been investigated in this article. The best method for energy production from sludge was selected among different methods according to energy and the amount of the greenh...

We compared strategies for stock piling neuraminidase inhibitors to treat and prevent influenza in Singapore. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses, with Monte Carlo simulations, were used to determine economic outcomes. A pandemic in a population of 4.2 million would result in an estimated 525-1,775 deaths, 10,700-38,600 hospitalization days, and economic costs of 0.7 dollars to 2.2 bil...

M alaysia has one of the highest traffic accident rates in the world, which has caused concern among all quarters involved in the road transport sector. Figure 1 shows a comparison between Malaysia and some of the more advanced countries in terms of fatalities per lo,00ovehicles. Traffic accidents in Malaysia cost the country 600 million ringgit (about $200”million U.S. dollars) in 1986, and th...

Over the past twenty years, obesity has become a major topic of concern. In particular, this paper estimates that the number of obese adults has risen from around 2.0 million in 1992/93 to about 3.1 million in 2005. With the prevalence of obesity on the rise, the associated economic cost is also increasing significantly. The annual cost of obesity in 1992-93 was estimated at around 840 million ...

The world population with diabetes mellitus (DM) is estimated at 425 million, which represents 8.8% of adults aged 20 to 79 years, and could reach 629 million by 2045 [1]. Of these, 438.2 million will be of productive age. There is a slight predominance among men. In older population (65-79 years), the predominance between the sexes is similar. About 90% of the cases are type 2 diabetes mellitu...