The authors outline the way in which documents as social objects have evolved from their earliest forms to the electronic documents of the present day. They note that while certain featu res have remained consistent, processes regarding document authentication are seriously complicated by the easy reproducibility of digital entities. The authors argue that electronic documents also raise signif...

In the scansion offered below, a reconstruction of the Isa 1:2-20’s original orthography is presented. It is based on the premise that the text derives from the late 8th or early 7th cent. BCE. The orthography mimics that of the Siloam inscription and other inscriptions of that period. Even if by definition the reconstruction is less than certain in a number of instances, it serves to highlight...

In Turkey, there are a few carved inscriptions (tombstones, building and commemorative inscriptions) belonging to the Qaramanids in provinces of Antalya, Larende, Ermenak, Konya, Laranda, Niğde, Aksaray. Most these were published between 1911 1912 by Turkish scholar Halil Edhem Eldem (1861-1938), who was director Museum Antiquities Istanbul 1910. addition them, late historian Mükrimin Yinanç (1...

The ancient Greek astronomical calculating machine, known as the Antikythera Mechanism, predicted eclipses, based on the 223-lunar month Saros cycle. Eclipses are indicated on a four-turn spiral Saros Dial by glyphs, which describe type and time of eclipse and include alphabetical index letters, referring to solar eclipse inscriptions. These include Index Letter Groups, describing shared eclips...

Archaeological excavations in the sites of the Indus Valley civilization (2500 − 1900 BCE) in Pakistan and northwestern India have unearthed a large number of artifacts with inscriptions made up of hundreds of distinct signs. To date, there is no generally accepted decipherment of these sign sequences, and there have been suggestions that the signs could be non-linguistic. Here we apply complex...