multiple intelligences (mi), second/foreign (l2) proficiency and gender are postulated to contribute to language learning strategies (lls). this study, first, examined whether there was any relationship between iranian efl learners’ lls, on the one hand, and their mi, l2 proficiency, on the other hand. in so doing, it explored the relationship of the overall l2 strategy as well as individual st...

In the present study, an exploratory approach (Oxford, Cho, Leung & Kim, 2004) to language learning is adopted which holds that the number and type of strategies used by Iranian learners might vary with respect to the difficulty of task and their L2 proficiency. In this regard, the term task is defined, its leading dimentions and charecteristics are put forward, and the nature of learning start...

From applied linguistic point of view, the fundamental question facing the language teachers, methodologists and course designers is which procedure is more effective in FL/SL: learning to use or using to learn? Definitely, in order to be a competent language user, knowledge of language system is necessary, but it is not sufficient to be a successful language user. That is why there was a gradu...

Language learning strategies, “the techniques or devices which a learner may use to acquire knowledge” (Rubin, 1975, p. 43) or more pertinently “complex, dynamic thoughts and actions, selected and used by learners with some degree of consciousness in specific contexts” (Oxford, 2017, p. 48), have been widely researched and discussed for more than forty years since the mid-1970s. Shifting the fo...

XCS is a learning classifier system that uses genetic algorithms to evolve a population of classifiers online. When applied to classification problems described by continuous attributes, XCS has demonstrated to be able to evolve classification models—represented as a set of independent interval-based rules—that are, at least, as accurate as those created by some of the most competitive machine ...

In order to confirm the effectiveness of language learning strategies in theIranian context in junior high schools, this study was designed to examine thepatterns of strategy use, the effects of strategy instruction on the students’ strategyuse, and the relationship between the participants’ strategy use and their Englishachievement. To achieve this objective, 57 junior high school participants...