different developments in recent years have provided protection for participative and interdisciplinary research from research and educational institutes and other organizations which invest in research. because of the need for having a comprehensive look in solving problems and understanding complexities and also multidimensionality of problems which societies encounter some special ideas have...

Medical informatics, as scientific discipline, has to do with all aspects of understanding and promoting the effective organization, analysis, management, and use of information in health care. While the field of Medical informatics shares the general scope of these interests with some other health care specialities and disciplines, Medical (Health) informatics has developed its own areas of em...

Data sharing in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is becoming a common scientific practice, as is now common in the case of other, more mature 'omics' disciplines like genomics and transcriptomics. We want to highlight that this situation, unprecedented in the field, opens a plethora of opportunities for data scientists. First, we explain in some detail some of the work already achieved, ...

instrumentalism (in the science) refers to a view that considers scientific theories as nothing more than instruments for prediction. sometimes the traces of this attitude have been searched in the writings of plato and aristotle; but mostly the pioneers of the theory have been thought to be the priests who regarded the scientific propositions as mere hypothesis, in order to defend religious do...