most reservoir fluids contain heavy paraffinic compounds that may precipitate as a solid or solid like material called wax if the fluid is cooled down. wax precipitation is a phenomenon of considerable importance in oil industry. an increase in aggregation results in enhanced oil viscosity. this however causes significant negative effects on production, transportation and processing of crude oi...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a large group of proteins which recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are critical for the normal function of the innate immune system. Following their discovery many single nucleotide polymorphisms within TLRs and components of their signaling machinery have been discovered and subsequently implicated in a wide range of human diseases including a...

Metallic gallium dissolves slowly in dilute mineral acids but rapidly in aqua regia and concentrated sodium hydroxide. In its compounds, the valency is +3. Its oxygen compounds resemble those of aluminum in that there are highand lowtemperature forms of Ga2O3 and two hydroxides, Ga(OH)3 and GaO·OH. Substances which lower the hydrogen ion concentration throw down a white gelatinous precipitate f...

Zein can be extracted from maize (Zea mays) using ethanol solutions, and recovered from the extract by diluting with water. Dilution to 40% ethanol will precipitate a mixture of zein and maize lipid with 15% lipid. For possible zein applications, such as film production, purer zein is required. Most of the lipid can be removed from the precipitate by selective re-extraction with hexane or ethan...