Over the past four years, the Open University has been working on an internal project of systems scholarship, called ‘Systems Thinkers’. We have examined the life and work of fifty key thinkers, held discussions on their significance, and are in the process of writing a book and a postgraduate course about these thinkers. This work has raised many interesting questions about the boundaries of s...

background: medicinal plants use is growing in iran and controlling their quality in terms of contamination with toxic metals is critical. city of arak, due to its large industrial plants, is one of the most polluted cities of iran these pollutants can be transferred to the farms. methods: in this study, concentrations of metals such as aluminum, arsenic, lead and cadmium are measured by atomic...

the main aim of this study was identifying effects of post modernism paradigm and to criticize of its functions in the field of curriculum and its epistemological domains. to get this purpose, it was used an analytical-inferential method. after inquiring in viewpoints of advocate and critic thinkers of this intellectual stream, the results were demonstrated that although this paradigm has insuf...

Introduction For students of systems thinking and information science, the period from the early 1940’s to the late 1970’s stands out as the period when some thirty eminent thinkers and scientists laid down the foundation theories for what we today know as “Systems Theory” and “Cybernetics”. While there is a great deal of literature that covers these two disciplines, the author’s search for a s...