although the subject of amending was reffered to in the draft constitution ,but due to revolution time circumstances,this principle was not approved.ten years of islamic state (1358 – 68 ) revealed some problems of the constitution like multiple decision making centers and existence of parallel organisations at administrative, legislative and judicial levels. after the war and considering appro...

The goal of our research is to provide computer support for distributed collaborative writing. Writers can be said to be distributed when they have distributed knowledge and skill, and they share that knowledge and skill in order to develop a draft; or, even when they have significant overlap in knowledge and skill, they distribute the work of producing the draft itself among them. But in this ...

Background: The piracetam analog, aniracetam, has recently received attention for its cognition enhancing potential, with minimal reported side effects. Previous studies report the drug to be effective in both human and non-human models with pre-existing cognitive dysfunction, but few studies have evaluated its efficacy in healthy subjects. A previous study performed in our laboratory found no...

Most learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) consider writing challenging task, and they experience difficulties such organizing thoughts, selecting relevant words to represent their views, producing rhetorical patterns specific the target culture. Research into L2 suggests that collaboration in classroom can assist students set goals, generate ideas, write edit, reflect on task. The ef...

When one preparing a first draft, concentrating on content creation or summarizing lecture notes, pencil and paper are often favored over the keyboard. Although in some cases (e.g. when copying text into a document or trying to organize written text) keyboard has a significant advantage over handwriting, in others it can cause difficulties, e.g. when writing lecture notes when equations, graphs...

In a large (250 registrants) general education lecture course, neuroscience principles were taught by two professors as co-instructors, starting with simple brain anatomy, chemistry, and function, proceeding to basic brain circuits of pleasure and pain, and progressing with fellow expert professors covering relevant philosophical, artistic, marketing, and anthropological issues. With this as a ...

Writing and speaking are the productive skills of a language and share similar components. However, there has been little attempt to investigate the impact of writing practice on the speaking proficiency of the learners. The present study using a pretest-posttest controlled group design in a quasi-experimental approach investigated the effect of guided writing practice on the speaking proficien...

Writing a thesis involves complying with certain requirements and rules established by institutional guides. So, students have guidelines to follow when developing their first draft. Generally this draft presents deficiencies, which has to be polished with the help of the academic advisor to reach an acceptable document. However, this task is repeated every time a student prepares his thesis, b...

We thank hospital staff at all four centres for their help with data collection, and Dr David Owens and an anonymous referee for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Contributors: NK helped with the study design, collected and analysed all data, and contributed to writing the initial draft of the paper. AH helped to design the study and contributed to writing the initial draft of the...