A currency exchange system is introduced for a multi-currency electronic money trial, in which smartcardbased electronic moneys (two currencies) are circulated over the Internet. Considering the need to support our existing single currency electronic money protocol, the exchange method proposed herein offers fairness between untrusted parties based on the “optimistic approach”. This paper descr...

This paper surveys the persian monetary crises due to economic sanctions and speculative attacks that leads to high inflation. Economic sanctions are associated with various forms of trade barriers and restriction on financial transactions. Among the most influential sanctions on Iran's oil export and central bank sanctions are noted that their Aims to reduce Iran's oil revenues and Devaluation...

This paper examines how U.S. multinational firms are affected by foreign currency movements. In light of detailed exchange rate data, we find that 29% of our sample of 935 U.S. firms with real operations in foreign countries is significantly affected by currency movements between 1990 and 2001. Results show moreover that U.S. stock returns react asymmetrically to currency movements. By introduc...

Liu process is a new tool to deal with the noise process based on uncertainty theory. In this paper, we view the foreign exchange rate as an uncertain process, described by an uncertain differential equation driven by Liu process, and build an uncertain currency model. Then the uncertain currency option processes are discussed. Moreover, European and American currency option pricing formulas ar...

This paper examines the effects of inflation and currency substitution volatility on the average rates of inflation and currency substitution for twelve emerging market economies. Using a bivariate GARCH-in-Mean model, which accommodates for asymmetric and spillover effects of inflation and currency substitution innovations on their volatilities, we find that for the majority of the countries i...