Abstract In the transition to democracy some autocracies transformed republics while others evolved constitutional monarchies. The paper inquires how monarchy is established. It models a hereditary king and liberal challenger who coexist over succession of periods fight for power which brings office rents right decide one’s preferred policy. outcome confrontation uncertain may vary from period ...

The second season of the archaeological survey of Qeshm Island was conducted during the winter of 2012, during which the team identified a total of 138 sites. The preliminary analysis of the ceramic assemblage from these sites suggests that 5 sites date to the 3rd millennium B.C.(Bronze Age) and represent the earliest in the directory. The remainder includes 3 Iron Age, 4 Achaemenid, 23 Parthia...

This paper seeks to shed new light on the latest discovered Hellenistic and Parthian occupation period at Ulug-depe (South Turkmenistan). After its abandonment end of Middle Iron Age period, site was reoccupied during late 1st millennium BC. Extended research led by joint French-Turkmen Archaeological Expedition (MAFTur) has succeeded in unearthing this many places studied a varied pottery asse...

Reviews of:Professor M. Wynn Thomas, The History of Wales in Twelve Poems (Cardiff: University Press, 2021). 112pp. £8.99.Kieron Smith (ed), Rhian Barfoot New Theoretical Perspectives on Dylan Thomas: ‘A writer words, and nothing else’? 2020). 192pp. £24.99.Seventy Years Struggle Achievement, ed. Meena Upadhyaya, Kirsten Lavine, Chris Weedon (Swansea: Parthian, 222pp. £20.00.

This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to Roman or early Byzantine periods: Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words Attic Orators Claudius Casilo. In both works, appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’...

the study of seals and seal impressions can make clear the dark corners of the social history of the seleucid and parthian. on the other hand, the analysis of personal and social position of individuals or groups for understanding the complicated relationship between human with other people or groups, also for the understanding of interactional relationships has gained special attention in hist...