the theory of efficient breach states that it is socially useful to breach a contract whenever the breach would leave no party worse off, while leaving at least one party better off. in other words, economic analyses of breach are mainly concerned with situations in which breach is pareto-superior, rather than just overall profit-maximizing. in contrast with moral theories that hold that breach...

Moving beyond a unitary actor assumption that models members of a self-evidently collective entity such as a political party “as if” they all shared a single brain, this paper explores the cohesion and discipline of party legislators in multi-party systems operating under the constitutional rules of parliamentary government. We do this in the context of Italian politics, for which a consistent ...

Tanzania's ruling party has long employed authoritarian methods to stay in power, but the 2020 election was a turning point. The apparently manipulated results at scale amid program of oppression. This constitutes change regime from one which permits minimal electoral competition does not. is revelatory event that sheds light on party's strategy power and possible futures. It seems intended bre...

abstract the feminist movement in the united states like other countries has tried to establish equality for women. from the first attempts to gain constitutional right for vote, up to the current radical demands, feminists have struggled to make changes in the u.s. party politics and obtain their rights within the parties. one of the important issues in which women played a key role in party p...

Since 2008, X-ray structure depositions to the Protein Data Bank archive (PDB) have required submission of experimental data in the form of structure factor files. RCSB PDB has developed the program DCC to allow worldwide PDB (wwPDB; http://wwpdb.org) biocurators, using a single command-line program, to invoke a number of third-party software packages to compare the model file with the experime...

The Portuguese presidential election of 2006 represented a major upset for the incumbent Socialist Party (PS). In the March 2005 legislative elections, the PS had obtained 46.4 percent of the valid votes allowing it to form, for the first time in the history of this center-left party, a single-party cabinet supported by an absolute majority in parliament. However, less than one year later, the ...