1 DDS, PhD, Post-doctorate student, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Piracicaba (SP), Brazil; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), Araraquara (SP), Brazil 2 DDS, MS, Doctorate Stude...

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) comprises 2-5% of all cases of MS. Although first-line disease-modifying therapy (DMT) including interferons and glatiramer acetate appear to be well tolerated in this population, recent work has suggested that a growing number of children suffer from disease which is resistant to treatment with these therapies. Natalizumab is a therapy which, although associat...

IMPORTANCE Given the high frequency of failure of first-line therapies, there is an urgent need for second-line treatment strategies for pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE To report the use of natalizumab in pediatric MS. Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting α4 integrin, is effective against active relapsing-remitting MS in adults. DESIGN Retrospect...

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is increasingly being recognized, with special concern being placed on how the demyelinating disease process affects normal brain development and the acquisition of cognitive abilities required for vocational success in adulthood. While pediatric MS patients are at risk for cognitive impairment early in their disease, many youth with pediatric MS appear to func...

OBJECTIVE Axonal damage occurs early in multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes to the degree of clinical disability. Children with MS more often show disabling and polyfocal neurological symptoms at disease onset than adults with MS. Thus, axonal damage may differ between pediatric and adult MS patients. METHODS We analyzed axonal pathology in archival brain biopsy and autopsy samples from 1...

The metabolic syndrome (MS) in adults is defined as a concurrence of obesity, disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism, hypertension and dyslipidemia, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Studies now indicate that many of its components are also present in children and adolescents. Moreover, the clustering of these risk facto...

Anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) antibodies in pediatric-onset MS and controls were characterized. Serum samples were obtained from 94 children with MS and 106 controls. Paired CSF and serum were obtained from 25 children with MS at time of their initial episode of acute demyelinating syndrome (ADS). Complementary assays were applied across samples to evaluate the presence, and the physical bind...

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe the patient characteristics, clinical–epidemiological profile, and treatment outcome of childhood tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was undertaken of 1212 children aged 0 to 18 years admitted to Beijing Children’s Hospital for the treatment of TB from January 2002 to December 2010. Statistical significance of category variables was...