the issue of the property of computer data is veryimportant in different sciences such as religiousjurisprudence, law, economy and even computer science.the proof for the property of such data can have someeffects as well as civil and criminal acts. the nature ofthese data and their property require essential explanation.in this study, computer data is defined and then, it iscompared with diffe...

As biopharmaceutical forms of technology, vaccines constitute one the most important tools for promotion and maintenance public health. Tolstoy famously wrote that “[h]appy families are all alike; every unhappy family is in its own way.” Vaccine markets offer perhaps extreme embodiments Tolstoy’s principle field innovation. Vaccines often described as unprofitable types goods, under-incentivize...

Language revitalization, oral tradition and epistemology are expressions of Native peoples intellectual sovereignty, and thus the foundation for indigenous intellectual property rights. As the people of California move towards language and cultural revitalization the question arises: What constitutes or constructs the definitions of intellectual property and how can appropriation of indigenous ...