since eighth century, much attention has been given by painters on khamseh works due its romantic and lyric stories. female is a heroine or she has a significant role in most of khamseh works, that show its contributions on nezamis works. unlike common negative view about women in society, nezami considered a high social level for them. in the different periods these stories, especially lily an...

Public agencies rely on two key modes to procure goods and services: auctions and direct negotiations. The relative advantages of these two modes are still imperfectly understood. This paper therefore studies public procurement of regional passenger railway services in Germany, where regional agencies can use auctions and negotiations to procure regional passenger rail services. This offers the...

This article reviews public works programmes as a way to alleviate poverty using experiences from around the world in general and South Africa in particular. It interrogates the targeting mechanisms including the question of who benefits, the type of benefit as well as the type of public works. The article argues that the design of public works must take cognizance of whether the initiative is ...

Green Public Procurement (GPP) is defined as a process of contracting products, services, and works with the least possible damage to the environment during their life cycle. In order to improve the knowledge about GPP, a study of the use of environmental tendering criteria in the Spanish public construction sector has been performed. The results of this study show that the use of environmental...

ion-filtration-comparison method has been developed in the United States case Computer Associates International v. Altai. Ravicher has found evidence that this method is nowadays the dominant way of interpreting derivative works of computer programs in the United States district courts. The method has been also applied in Europe. The idea is in short that the similarity between two source codes...

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) hold great promise for public works professionals seeking to optimize those public investment strategies that deal with traffic congestion and other growth pressures. Advanced traffic and fleet management systems as well as traveler information and vehicle-based systems can take advantage of information technology advances and private market products to ...