Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic relapsing disorder of follicular occlusion that is often recalcitrant to therapy. Topical and systemic antibiotics, hormonal therapies, oral retinoids, immunosuppressant agents, and surgical treatment are some of the therapeutic alternatives used for this often recalcitrant and frequently troublesome disorder. This article reviews the pathophysiology of hid...

The landfill leachate has high concentration of COD, ammonia and other recalcitrant composition compounds. The amount of eachwhich is mainly largely dependent on the age of the landfill. The conventional leachate treatments can be classified as chemical-physical treatments and biological treatments. Using fungi to treat leachate is an emerging research topic. Fungi, with their excellent recalci...

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos and are used primarily for the creation of genetically engineered strains through gene targeting. While some inbred strains of mice are permissive to the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines and are therefore easily engineered, others are nonpermissive or recalcitrant. Genetic engineering of reca...

Lateral premalleolar bursitis of the ankle is a rarely reported disorder in the English literature although it is not uncommon in Asian countries where people commonly sit on their feet. Here, we present the case of a 66-year-old woman with recalcitrant lateral premalleolar bursitis associated with lateral ankle instability which was successfully treated with surgical resection of the bursa and...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To examine the efficacy and tolerability of topical mupirocin for the management of surgically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. STUDY DESIGN Prospective open-label pilot study. METHODS Patients with surgically recalcitrant CRS who had positive nasendoscopically guided cultures for Staphylococcus aureus were trea...

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect and tolerance of oral mineralocorticoid antagonists, eplerenone and/or spironolactone, in recalcitrant central serous chorioretinopathy. METHODS Retrospective consecutive observational case series. Primary outcome measures included central macular thickness (CMT, μm), macular volume (MV, mm(3)), Snellen visual acuity, and prior treatment failures. Secondary outc...

People who suffer from recalcitrant chronic daily headache (CDH)-a primary, episodic headache occurring at least 15 days per month, and lasting four or more hours per day for at least three consecutive months(1)-have generally tried many pain relief medications with few positive results. These patients often continue to add more and more medications and travel from clinician to clinician seekin...