of it, and he wages an unnecessary warfare against all the unessential details of special religion. We agree with Mr. Martin that all incidental features of religion should be treated as incidentals and the essentials should be made paramount ; we also agree with him that all error should be removed ; but for that reason we need not drop or decry or ridicule or abhor any of those special featur...

in the present article, the author has tried to describe ghazali's arguments and claims to oppose philosophers and philosophy in brief; for, it goes without saying that he is one of the most serious and stubborn opponents of philosophy and philosophers in all historical eras. in this concern, many points have been posed; but we are better to judge based of words of ghazali and first-order ...

In An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent, John Hick presents an impressive theory of religious pluralism. His theory is intended to explain how it may be that all of the great religious traditions are essentially true despite their apparent contradictions. Hick points out that there are many religions in the world, each of which seems to be incompatible with others....

Understanding the dynamics of dissent and heresy in medicine can be aided by the use of suitable frameworks. The dynamics of the search for truth vary considerably depending on whether the search is competitive or cooperative and on whether truth is assumed to be unitary or plural. Insights about dissent and heresy in medicine can be gained by making comparisons to politics and religion. To exp...

the basic aim of this research is description and deduction of principles, aims, and methods based on the epistemological foundations of farabi in fusus al-hikmah. to get this aim, the method was documentary analysis and deduction. findings show that: necessary being is aware of all contingent beings, there is a unity between the essence of god as a ultimate truth and his knowledge, necessary b...