We present a model of communication network formation in which links’ strengths are endogenously determined by individual incentives. Agents are endowed with a fixed amount of resource which they can distribute as they want in directed links. Individuals capture benefits from both direct and indirect access to others, in a way that takes into account the strength of each link. The wheel archite...

in farming activities, various resources and inputs are utilized to produce agricultural products.. one of the most important goals of agricultural managers and programmers is to assess the optimal resource allocation for designing an appropriate cultivation pattern. mathematical programming is a common approach to achieve the optimal pattern. in this study, the two approaches of fuzzy de-novo ...

The exhaustible-resource monopsony problem provides a basis for understanding the dynamic relationship between resource importers and suppliers. We find that the mere presence of a substitute supply creates a time-inconsistency problem for the monopsonist. When the buyer can commit to delaying the arrival of the substitute, he obtains a substantial reduction in resource prices but not enough as...

This paper examines the properties of two Internet pricing systems – a flat rate and a usage-based pricing system – in terms of the social welfare, by generalizing the theory advocated by the scholars. This study contributes not only to the systematic generalization of the theory but also to the examination of the waste of resource innate in the flat rate tariff. We found that the superiority b...

We analyze a situation where individuals and coalitions can obtain effective property rights over a resource by means of an exclusion contest. Coalitions face a trade-off when they decide to incorporate new members: Big groups control the resource more likely but individual property rights are more diluted. Under cooperative explotation of the resource the grand coalition is the efficient parti...

The present paper compares the distributional and risk-sharing consequences of two pension reform proposals in Germany which both aim to improve the sustainability of the current system by introducing demographic variables to the benefit calculation. While the first reform proposes a so-called ” sustainability factor“ which measures the changes in the dependency ratio, the second reform propose...

The present paper thoroughly explores second-best efficient allocations in an adverse selection insurance economy. We start from a natural extension of the classical model, assuming less than perfect risk perceptions. We propose first and second welfare theorems, by means of which we describe efficiencyenhancing policies. Notions of weak and strong adverse selection are promising for interpreti...

Rapid economic growth along with carelessness related to environmental problems have caused adverse impacts on nature and civilization as a whole. The effects include temperature changes increased climactic disasters. To minimize the negative of climate change reduce future emissions, several governments announced charges for greenhouse gas emissions. However, these present extra operational co...