The rubbing application of a hydrochloric acid-pumice mixture has been advocated for the removal of fluorotic-like areas of permanent teeth. However, there have been no previous reports as to the amount of enamel removed during this process. The objective of this project was to measure the amount of enamel lost during successive rubbing applications of an 18% HCl-pumice mixture. Nine extracted ...

Whether females gain indirect genetic benefits through mate choice is a controversial issue since this requires additive genetic variance in the preferred male traits. Condition dependence could maintain the necessary genetic variance by linking the expression of male traits to the supposedly large number of genes affecting condition. Copulating males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum...

Hydrocarbon linked mesogenic dimers are found to exhibit an additional nematic phase below the conventional uniaxial nematic phase as confirmed by x-ray diffraction. The phase produces unusual periodic stripe domains in planar cells. The stripes are found to be parallel to the rubbing direction (in rubbed cells) with a well-defined period equal to double the cell gap. The stripes appear without...

To reproduce the sensation of rubbing on a surface, we need to laterally stretch the skin of the fingertip with two degrees of freedom (2DOF). Unfortunately, it is difficult to develop a compact 2DOF device for the fingertip because at least two actuators are required. However, if we can perceive the rubbing sensation regardless of the skin stretching direction, a device with 1DOF is sufficient...

In this study, the change at rubbing surfaces has been investigated experimentally using an acoustic emission signal monitoring system. A steel ring is slipped on the surface of  a metallic sheet to simulate frictional conditions. The mechanical disturbances caused by the movement of the ring produce stress waves propagating along the sheet surface. The out of plane displacement of the sheet su...

The effects of cutting edge shapes on the phenomena of rubbing and ploughing in nano-abrasive machining were investigated. The shapes under investigation include flat, spherical and trapezoidal shapes. The tool with the flat end geometry shows a fast initiation of ploughing, because it has the largest surface area to engage more atoms. It doesn’t show rubbing phenomenon at the (initial) depth o...

We report a case of a 21-year-old male patient who underwent corneal cross-linking (CXL) due to bilateral progressive keratoconus. Topographical screening of his family members was performed for the detection of possible familial keratoconus and showed abnormal topographical patterns resembling to Forme Fruste Keratoconus (FFK) in all the members of his family. The reported keratoconic patient ...