The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use in urban and rural India. A single FFQ was developed for use in cities and rural areas of four regions of India. To assess validity, the FFQ was administered to 530 factory workers and rural dwellers, and subsequently three 24 hour recalls were administered on different days. N...

E-governance systems in India have witnessed prolific advancement over the years. India has strategically adopted e-governance as a part of its policy. In recent times each state has its own e-governance plan to deliver services as planned. National policy also aims to provide formalized services across the nation while recognizing the importance of state specific services. This approach includ...

I n a developing country such as India, there is huge inequality in health-care distribution. Although nearly 75% of Indians live in rural villages, more than 75% of Indian doctors are based in cities [1]. Most of the 620 million rural Indians lack access to basic health care facilities [2]. The Indian government spends just 0.9% of the country's annual gross domestic product on health, and lit...

Although the primary occupation in the villages of India (Assam) is agriculture, its share is very low and there is high degree of under employment in Agriculture. So the village economy is leaning towards small industries, having backward linkages with urban areas. There is a growing trend of migration of people from the rural areas to the urban areas. Therefore, people with enterprising minds...

BACKGROUND Although child immunization is regarded as a highly cost-effective lifesaver, about fifty percent of the eligible children aged 12-23 months in India are without essential immunization coverage. Despite several programmatic initiatives, urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization pose an intimidating challenge to India's public health agenda. This study assesses the urban...

Context. Evident change in nutrition and lifestyle among individuals of urban and rural areas raises suspicion for similar change in tribal area population of India. Aim. To study the biochemical risk factor for CVDs in rural and tribal population of Sub-Himalayan state of India. Settings and Design. Cross-sectional study in rural (low altitude) and tribal (high altitude) area of Himachal Prade...

BACKGROUND While international literature on rural retention is expanding, there is a lack of research on relevant strategies from pluralistic healthcare environments such as India, where alternate medicine is an integral component of primary care. In such contexts, there is a constant tug of war in national policy on "Which health worker is needed in rural areas?" and "Who can, realistically, ...

BACKGROUND Research in mainly developed countries has shown that some changes in weather are associated with increased mortality. However, due to the lack of accessible data, few studies have examined such effects of weather on mortality, particularly in rural regions in developing countries. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature and rainfall wi...

OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the role of different factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the workplace and home in the urban and rural areas of India. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in 2009-2010. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data were analysed from 32 738 rural and 23 202 urban non-smokers at home and 48...