OBJECTIVES To assess whether the joint effects of water and sanitation infrastructure, are acting antagonistically (redundant services preventing the same cases of diarrhoeal disease), independently, or synergistically; and to assess how these effects vary by country and over time. METHODS We used data from 217 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 74 countries between 1986 and 2013. We...

Introduction Primary health care approach is aimed at community participation in understanding the health needs of the community. To address the community participation in institutionalized health services in India, Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNC) werer formed at village level under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). About 421,892 VHSNCs have been constituted a...

We estimate the impacts of two interventions implemented as field experiments in informal settlements by Nairobi’s water and sanitation utility to improve revenue collection efficiency last mile connection loan repayment: (i) face-to-face engagement between staff customers encourage payment (ii) contract enforcement for service disconnection due nonpayment form transparent credible notices. Whi...

To scale up primary health care services in Ethiopia, a program of female health extension workers (HEWs) was established in 2003 to deliver 17 service packages ranging from child survival and nutrition interventions, maternal and neonatal care, and hygiene and environmental sanitation measures at health posts in rural communities. Community volunteers are trained to support the HEWs and to fac...

Background The relationship between agriculture and nutrition extends throughout the various stages of the food value chain, from production to markets and on to final usage by the food consumer. However, improvements along the value chain which increase income, food production and market availability do not ensure that nutritionally vulnerable populations will consume more nutritious foods, le...

activities has an immediate impact on the revenue streams of a service provider that can, in turn, encourage commercial and operational efficiencies for aiding the expansion and delivery of improved, reliable, and sustainable services. This note draws on national and international cases to explore what it takes to implement an effective billing and collection system. The Water and Sanitation Pr...

The Boer War acted as a catalyst for military reform, including reform of the Army Medical Services (AMS). The subsequent medical debate was centred on the value of sanitation as a provision for war. This article looks at the forces, political, military and economic, that propelled the provision of sanitation to a prominent position in the reforms of the army, and the effect this had on the sta...