Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a commonly used medication for its immunosuppressive and dermatologic effects. It has known ocular side effects, which include retinopathy, corneal deposits, choroidal thinning. Herein, we report the first case of HCQ-induced hyperpigmentation sclera. A 75-year-old female presented after 10 months gradual progression painless blue-gray discoloration bilateral sclera,...

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to establish sectorial and regional variability in the mechanical strain of peripapillary and mid-peripheral sclera in normal eyes from elderly human donors. METHODS Ten pairs of normal eyes from human donors aged 57 to 90 years old were mechanically inflation-tested within 48 hours post mortem. The intact posterior scleral shells were pressurized from 5 to ...

The influence of drug properties including solubility, lipophilicity, tissue partition coefficients, and in vitro transscleral permeability on ex vivo and in vivo transscleral delivery from corticosteroid suspensions was determined. Solubility, tissue/buffer partition coefficients for bovine sclera and choroid-retinal pigment epithelium (CRPE), and in vitro bovine sclera and sclera-choroid-reti...

PURPOSE To delineate three-dimensionally the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lamina cribrosa, scleral flange, and peripapillary sclera, to determine the position and thickness of these structures within digital three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of the monkey optic nerve head (ONH). METHODS The trephinated ONH and peripapillary sclera from both eyes of three monkeys with early gla...

Introduction: The present study aimed to present a numerical analysis of the penetration depth,  specific absorption rate (SAR), and temperature rise in various eye tissues with varying distance between radiation source and exposed human eye tissues (i.e., cornea, posterior chamber, anterior chamber, lens, sclera, vitreous humor, and iris) at frequencies of 900 and1800 MHz. Materials and Method...

PURPOSE The distribution of the cell adhesion glycoproteins, laminin, fibronectin, tenascin, vitronectin, thrombospondin, and entactin/nidogen, was examined in the human lamina cribrosa. METHODS Frozen sections of the optic nerve head from 7 normal human elderly donors were stained by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS All six glycoproteins were detected in this tissue. While laminin and entacti...

This study examined the effect of the cross-linking with riboflavin-ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation on the chemical bonds and ultrastructural changes of human sclera tissues using Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Raman spectroscopy of the normal and cross-linked human sclera tissue revealed different types of the riboflavin-UVA and collagen interactions, which could be iden...

The authors compared porcine corneal and scleral membrane phospholipids determined with use of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These tissues make up the tunica fibrosa (outer coat) of the eye. Since the sclera, unlike the cornea, does not possess an epithelium or an endothelium, comparative analysis of these tissues included examination of the cornea with and without its epithelium and en...