Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) are regulated enzymes that generate phosphatidic acid (PA), a putative second messenger implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal reorganization. Mast cells, when stimulated with antigen, show a dramatic alteration in their cytoskeleton and also release their secretory granules by exocytosis. Butan-1-ol, which diverts the production of PA gen...

Helminth parasites secrete several types of biomolecules to ensure their entry and survival in hosts. The proteins secreted the extracellular environment participate pathogenesis anthelmintic immune responses. aim this work was identify functionally annotate excretory/secretory (ES) monogenean ectoparasite Rhabdosynochus viridisi through bioinformatic approaches. A total 1655 putative ES were i...

background : immunological response of host and parasite play a key role in developing vaccina­tion and immunization. the present study deals with the immune response and effecter mechanism, which was confirmed by migration inhibition factor (mif).  methods : the present work was conducted in parasitological lab of postgraduate department of zool­ogy, government holkar science college, indore (...

the liver fluke fasciola hepatica causes fascioliasis, a liver disease in most part of the world and particularly in north of iran. diagnosis of the diseases is anchored in coprological manner but serological methods are preferable due to some obscurities. in this study, sera obtained from human patients infected with fasciola hepatica were tested by the enzymelinked immunotrotransfer blot (eit...

Oral administration of antigens has long been recognized as a method to prevent or delay the onset of diseases associated with untoward immune responses to self and non-self antigens. Although oral administration of antigens offers a convenient way to induce systemic tolerance, its therapeutic potential has been seriously limited by the fact that it requires repeated feeding of a large amount o...

Two different monoclonal antibodies, characterized initially as binding synaptic terminal regions of rat brain, bind a 65,000-dalton protein, which is exposed on the outer surface of brain synaptic vesicles. Immunocytochemical experiments at the electron microscope level demonstrate that these antibodies bind the vesicles in many different types of nerve terminals. The antibodies have been used...

CD40 ligand (CD40L) is an essential effector cytokine for macrophage activation, dendritic cell licensing, and T-cell-dependent antibody responses. Although CD40L is known to be made de novo following antigen recognition, several reports have described surface mobilization of preformed, intracellular CD40L in certain CD4(+) effector T cells. Here we show that rapid surface expression of preform...

Antigen-binding cells of T and B origin can readily be determined by quantitating the number of sheep erythrocytes per rosette after glutaraldehyde fixation. The T(1) and T(2) populations have low antigen-binding properties and are very unstable without fixation. The B(1) and B(2) populations are stable and correlate with precursor and secretory cells. Fixation of rosettes permits a sensitive t...

In order to find correlations between skin gland morphology and specific ethological features, the cutaneous glands of the foot pads of Procavia capensis were studied by histological and various histochemical methods and by electron microscopy. In the foot pads, abundant specific eccrine skin glands occur, which consist of coiled tubular secretory portions and coiled ducts. The wall of the secr...

Autoimmunity to salivary duct cells has been suggested in Sjögren's symdrome (SjS). We were interested in the secretory component (SC) of secretory IgA (s-IgA) as a common duct cell antigen of systemic exocrine glands because of the possible analogy between SC in SjS and thyroglobulin in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Therefore, we isolated s-IgA as a source of SC from human milk and investigated lym...